• Art History Marilyn Stokstad Citation
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These hallmarks make ART HISTORY the choice for instructors who seek to actively engage their students in the study of art.This new edition of ART HISTORY is the result of a happy and productive collaboration between two scholar-teachers (Marilyn Stokstad and Michael Cothren) who share a common vision that survey courses on the history of art.

. The history of art is the history of any activity or product made by humans in a visual form for or communicative purposes, expressing ideas, emotions or, in general, a. Over time, from the medieval distinction between and, to the modern distinction between and, or to the many contemporary definitions, which define art as a manifestation of human creativity. The subsequent expansion of the list of principal arts in the 20th century reached to nine:, (described broadly as a form of with aesthetic purpose or function, which also includes the distinct genres of and ), and. In addition to the old forms of artistic expression such as and, new modes of expression are being considered as arts such as, and. The history of art is a, seeking an objective examination of art throughout time, classifying, establishing, and observing the distinctive and influential characteristics of art. The was initially developed during the, with its limited scope being the artistic production of.

However, as time has passed, it has imposed a broader view of artistic history, seeking a comprehensive overview of all the and analysis of their artistic production in terms of their own cultural values , and not just. Today, art enjoys a wide network of study, dissemination and preservation of all the artistic legacy of mankind throughout history. The 20th century has seen the proliferation of institutions, foundations, and, in both the public and private sectors, dedicated to the analysis and cataloging of as well as exhibitions aimed at a mainstream audience. The rise of has been crucial in improving the study and dissemination of art. International events and exhibitions like the and biennales of and or the of have helped the development of new styles and trends. Prizes such as the of the, the, the of architecture, the of photography and the of cinema also promote the best creative work on an international level. Institutions like, with the establishment of the lists, also help the conservation of the major monuments of the planet.

Main article: The field of ' was developed in the, and originally dealt exclusively with, with the (and its precedent) as the defining standard. Gradually, over the course of the 20th century, a wider vision of art history has developed. This expanded version includes societies from across the globe, and it usually attempts to analyze in terms of the cultural values in which they were created. Thus, art history is now seen to encompass all visual art, from the of to the paintings of the in. The history of art is often told as a of created in each. It can thus be framed as a story of, epitomized by the. On the other hand, art expressions can also be integrated into art historical narratives, in which case they are usually referred to as.

The more closely that an art historian engages with these latter forms of, the more likely it is that they will identify their work as examining or, or as contributing to fields related to art history, such as. In the latter cases art objects may be referred to as. Prehistory and ancient history One way to examine how art history is organized is by examining the major survey textbooks, which reflect an encyclopedic view of what experts view as art. Frequently consulted textbooks published in English are, David Wilkins, Bernard Schultz, and Katheryn M.

Linduff’s Art Past, Art Present, and Laurie Schneider Adams’s Art Across Time. Information on is also found in the Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, which is sponsored by the in New York City. Main article: The first tangible artifacts of human art that have been found are from the (, and ), periods when the first demonstrations that can be considered to be art by humans appeared.

During the Paleolithic (25,000-8,000 BCE), humans practiced and lived in, where was developed. After a transitional period (Mesolithic, 8,000–6,000 BCE), in the Neolithic period (6000–3000 BCE), when humans engaged in and built increasingly complex societies, became more important and the production of commenced. 3,000 – 1,000 BCE), the first arose. Paleolithic. Main articles: and The had its first artistic manifestation in 25,000 BCE, reaching its peak in the period (±15,000-8,000 BCE). The first traces of human-made objects appeared in southern, the, and , , and.

These first traces are generally worked stone (, ), wood or tools. To in, was used, in, and in,. Surviving art from this period includes small carvings in stone or bone and.

Cave paintings have been found in the. There are pictures with - character and also pictures with a sense, which depict animals, notably the caves of, and. Is represented by the so-called, feminine figures which may have been used in, such as the. However, there are theories among academics that these figures may have been made by women as expressions of their own body.

The lack of definition in the faces of these figures supports this theory as women during this time would not have been able to see their faces unless through reflections in water, which would have been unclear. This theory stems from the correlation of the proportions of the statues to how the proportions of women's bodies would seem if they were looking down at themselves, which would have been the only way to view their bodies during this period. Other representative works of this period are the Man from and the.

Neolithic. At, in This period—from c.

8,000 BCE in the —was a profound change for the ancient humans, who became more sedentary and settled as they began to engage in and. Along with these changes, new forms of social coexistence and religion developed. The —dated between the Mesolithic and Neolithic eras—contained small, schematic paintings of human figures, with notable examples in, Valltorta, and Minateda. This kind of painting was also similar to paintings found in northern (, ) and in the area of modern Zimbabwe. Neolithic painting was schematic, reduced to basic strokes (men in the form of a and women in a shape).

There are also cave paintings in in, especially the. In, a style called was produced, decorated with imprints of. New materials were used in art, such as, found in rock, and.

In this period, the first traces of planimetry appeared, such as the remains in and. Metal Age.

Complex of The last prehistoric phase is the Metal Age, as the use of elements such as, and proved to be a great material transformation for these ancient societies. When humans could smelt metal and forge metal implements, this enabled them to make new tools and weapons.

In the (also called Copper Age) the emerged, massive monuments of stone were built. Examples include the and or the, as can be seen in the complexes at and. In the culture was formed, characterized by the, which pictured human figures with big eyes. In, the of, and were built. In the notable megalithic cultures developed, with different types of monuments: the, a tomb shaped like a truncated, with an elongated burial chamber; the, two large stones, one put vertically and the other horizontally above each other; and the, a tower with a covered chamber and a false.

In the the cultures of and mark the significant phases in Europe. The first was developed between the 7th and 5th century BCE by the with tumular tombs and a wooden burial chamber in the form of a house, often accompanied by a four-wheeled cart. The pottery was, with decorations and applications of metallic ornaments.

La Tene was developed between the 5th and 4th century BCE, and is more popularly known as early. It produced many iron objects such as and, which have not survived well to the 2000s due to rust. Bronze continued to be used for highly decorated, and other objects, with different stages of evolution of the style. Decoration was influenced by, and.

In most of the European continent, conquest by the brought the style to an end. Main article: In the first period of recorded history, art began alongside the invention of, founded by the great civilizations of: and. This period also differed from others because artistic manifestations occurred in every culture of all the. In this period, the first great cities appeared near major rivers:, and, and. One of the great advances of this period was writing, generated primarily by the need to keep tax and commercial records.

The first writing code was the, which emerged in Mesopotamia c. 3500 BCE, written on tablets. It was based on and elements, while later Sumerians developed for writing, reflecting the and of the. In Egypt was developed, with the first sample being the (3,100 BCE). The was one of the first languages to utilize the method of writing with an (, c. 1,800 BCE), which relates a unique for each; the and the derive from it.

Mesopotamia. Patesi of (2120 BCE), was developed in the area between and (modern day and ), where from the 4th millennium BCE many different cultures existed such as, and. Was characterized by the use of, and the introduction of construction elements like and. Notable are the, large with the form of a terraced, from which we have practically no traces left except their bases. The tomb was usually a corridor, with a covered chamber and a false, as in some examples found in. There were also walled with a terrace in the form of a ziggurat, where gardens were an important feature. The was one of the.

A ziggurat: the Open Court (1887) Sculpture was developed through, and. Sculpture was used in religious, military and hunting scenes, depicting both human and animal figures, including depictions of real and figures.

In the Sumerian period, small statues of people were produced. These statues had an angular form and they were produced with colored stone. The figures typically had bald head with hands folded on the chest. In the Akkadian period, statues depicted figures with long hair and beards, the of.

In the Amorite period (or Neosumerian), statues represented king of, with his mantle and a turban on his head and his hands on his chest. During Babylonian rule, the stele of was important. Assyrian sculpture is notable for its of cattle and the, which is depicted flying in many reliefs depicting war and hunting scenes, such as in the of. Using the oral tradition probably existed since prehistory. However, with the advent of writing, written stories (literature) arose as a means of expressing human creativity.

The is represented by the, written in the 17th century BCE. It contains thirty myths about the most important Sumerian and Akkadian deities, which are: 's descent to hell and the gods and.

Another example is the poem Lugal ud melambi Nirpal ( The hardship of Ninurta), which has and (instructional) messages. During Akkadian period, was written, which includes the. In, the poem describes the creation of the world.

Music was developed in this region between 4th and 3rd millennium BCE for use in Sumerian temples, where priests sang and ( ersemma) to the gods. The was composed of —song alternating between the and —and —song alternating between two choirs. They had several instruments like tigi (related to the ), balag , lilis (predecessor of, a large, deep drum), algar (, a plucked string instrument), zagsal and adapa. The of In, one of the first great civilizations arose, which had elaborate and complex works of art which were produced by professional artists and craftspeople, who developed specialized skills. Egypt's art was religious and symbolic. Given that the culture had a highly centralized power structure and hierarchy, a great deal of art was created to honour the, including great monuments.

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The Egyptian culture emphasized the religious concept of immortality. The Egyptian art era spans from 3,000 BCE until the conquest of Egypt. However its influence persisted in the and. The is characterized by its monumental structures, built with large stone blocks, lintels and solid.

Funerary monuments included, tombs of rectangular form;, which included step pyramids or smooth-sided pyramids ; and the, underground tombs. The other great buildings were the, which were monumental complexes preceded by an avenue of and. The temples used and walls using and halls and. The temples of, and are good examples. Another type of temple is the, which were in the form, which can be found in and.

Painting of the Egyptian era used a juxtaposition of overlapping planes. The images were represented hierarchically, i.e., the Pharaoh is larger than the common subjects or enemies depicted at his side. Egyptians painted the head and limbs in profile, while the shoulders and eyes in front. Were developed in Egypt, in particular and. There are superb examples such as furniture with and which can be seen in the tombs at the. Another example is the pieces found in 's tomb, which are of great artistic quality. On a cave painting in, Greece and Etruria and artists built on the artistic foundations of Egypt, further developing the arts of sculpture, painting, architecture, and ceramics.

The body became represented in a more representational manner, and patronage of art thrived. Greek art started in a smaller and simpler version of Egyptian art, and the influence of Egyptian art on the Greeks started in the Cycladic islands between 3300-3200 B.C.E. These statues were highly simplistic lacking facial features with an exception of the nose. Greek art then moved into more life sized and more stylistic statues such as the Kouros. The standing Korous of Attica is very typical of early Greek sculpture and dates from 600 B.C.E. From this early stage, the art of Greece moved into the Archaic Period. The Archaic Period is named for the Archaic smile.

This distinctive smile appeared on Greek sculpture in the later half of the sixth century to convey that the subject of the sculpture may be alive. This was also a way of conveying that the subject had been blessed by the gods and showed a sense of well-being. Second Temple or 'Herod's Temple' is sometimes viewed as derived from Greek precedents, but also has its own distinguishing features. Roman sculpture is often less idealized than the Greek precedents.

Roman architecture often used, and features such as the round and were invented. Roman artwork was influenced by the nation-state's interaction with other people's, like ancient Judea.

Due to conflict over religious and cultural differences in the worship of polytheism over monotheism, the Jewish people rebelled against the Roman Empire. Judea was defeated and the Romans looted and destroyed the Second Temple of Jerusalem or 'Herod's Temple'. King Herod was the Roman client king of Judea, known for his successful and monumental building projects. This event was documented in the Arch of Titus, which was erected by the Emperor Titus. Scenes of Romans looting the jewish temple are depicted in low-relief sculptures around the arch's perimeter.

Art History Marilyn Stokstad Citation

Medieval to contemporary eras Medieval. The interior of the in, With the decline of the, the narrative shifts to, which lasted for a millennium. Begins the period, followed by, and, with dominating the eastern Mediterranean and beyond. The Medieval era ended with the, followed by, the and. In and of the, the dominance of the church insisted on the expression of biblical truths. There was no need to depict the reality of the material world, in which man was born in a 'state of sin', especially through the extensive use of gold in paintings, which also presented figures in idealised, patterned (i.e.' Flat') forms.

Renaissance and Baroque The is the return yet again to valuation of the material world, and this paradigm shift is reflected in art forms, which show the corporeality of the human body, and the three-dimensional reality of. Although textbooks Western art by movements, as described above, they also do so by century, especially in. Many art historians give a nod to the historical importance of and by referring to centuries in which it was prominent with the Italian terms: for the fourteenth century, for the fifteenth, for the sixteenth, for the seventeenth, and settecento for the eighteenth. Neoclassicalism to Realism The 18th and 19th centuries included, and.

Art historians disagree when began, some tracing it as far back as in the period, the mid-19th century with the or the late 19th century with the advent of. The of the late 19th through the early 21st centuries are too numerous to detail here, but can be broadly divided into two categories: and. The latter is sometimes referred to with another term, which has a subtly different connotation,. Modern and Contemporary.

1905-06, oil on canvas, 175 x 241 cm, In the 20th century, the physical and rational certainties of the 'clockwork universe' depicted by the 18th-century were shattered not only by new discoveries of relativity by physicist and of unseen psychology by, but also by unprecedented technological development accelerated by two world wars ( (1914-1918) and (1939-1945)). During WW II, great pressure on scientists to develop new technologies for the war effort led to many new inventions. In the decades after WW II, some of these new technological developments were applied to peacetime purposes, leading to the development of widely available (which was a medium for entertainment such as and music and dance ) and new such as the. The history of is a narrative of endless possibilities and the search for new standards, each being torn down in succession by the next. The art movements of, and led to many explorations of new creative styles and manners of expression. Increasing interaction during this time saw an equivalent influence of other cultures into Western art, such as being influenced by, and., and (which had themselves been influenced by Western Renaissance draftsmanship) had an immense influence on Impressionism and subsequent artistic developments. The influential example set by 's interest in and the sudden popularity among the in early 20th century of newly discovered African fetish sculptures and other works from non-European cultures were taken up by Picasso, and by many of their colleagues., in its response to the idealistic 19th century 'search for truth', and the 20th century's technological progress gave way in the last decades of the 20th century to a realization of that the idealist visions of the 19th century may have been unattainable.

Marilyn Stokstad Art History Pdf

Rapid advances in science and technology led to the late Modern and period. In these periods, the art and cultures of the world went through many changes, and there was a great deal of intermixture between cultures, as new facilitated the national and even global dissemination of music, art and style. The separation of regional cultures that had marked the 19th century was replaced by a global culture. The Americas. Main articles:, and The history of art in the Americas begins in times with.

Art historians have focused particularly closely on during this early era, because a series of stratified cultures arose there that erected grand architecture and produced that are comparable to the arts of Western Europe. One textbook about the art of this era is Mary Ellen Miller's The Art of Mesoamerica. Preclassic The art-making tradition of Mesoamerican people begins with the around 1400 BCE, during the.

These people are best known for making but also carved, erected monumental architecture, made small-scale sculpture, and designed mosaic floors. Two of the most well-studied sites artistically are and. After the Olmec culture declined, the became prominent in the region. Sometimes a transitional period is described, which is a hybrid of Olmec and Maya. A particularly well-studied Epi-Olmec site is, which includes hieroglyphic carvings that have been partially deciphered.

Classic By the late pre-Classic era, beginning around 400 BCE, the Olmec culture had declined but both Central Mexican and Maya peoples were thriving. Throughout much of the Classic period in Central Mexico, the city of was thriving, as were and. These sites boasted grand sculpture and architecture. Other Central Mexican peoples included the, the, and people in the. Was at its height during the “Classic” period—a name that mirrors that of —and which began around 200 CE. Major Maya sites from this era include, where numerous stelae were carved, and where the largest stelae of Mesoamerica are located along with altars.

A complex was developed, and were produced in large numbers on paper made from. Although some Maya cities have existed to the 2000s, several sites around 1000 AD. Postclassic At the time of the during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Maya were still powerful, but many communities were paying tribute to. The latter culture was thriving, and it included such as sculpture, painting, and feather mosaics. Perhaps the most well-known work of Aztec art is the, which became a national symbol of the state of. During the, many of these artistic objects were sent to Europe, where they were placed in, and later redistributed to Westerm art museums. The Aztec empire was based in the city of which was largely destroyed during the colonial era.

What remains of it was buried beneath. A few buildings, such as the foundation of the have since been unearthed by archaeologists, but they are in poor condition. Colonial Art in the Americas since the conquest has been a mixture of indigenous and foreign traditions, including that of the European, African, and Asian settlers.

Thus, books about the, such as Francis Pohl’s Framing America, start with the conquest and reconstruct manifold traditions. Numerous indigenous traditions thrived after the conquest. For example, the created, and in the pre-reservation era, and afterwards became assimilated into the world of Modern and Contemporary art through institutions such as the which encouraged students to develop a unique Native American style. Many paintings from that school, now called the Studio Style, were exhibited at the during its Indian annual held from 1946 to 1979.

Modern Intertwined with this story of indigenous art, are movements of painting, sculpture, and architecture such as the and the of the 19th century, and and of the 20th. Some of the most celebrated images were produced by, featuring “Cowboys and Indians,” and some of the most visually complex objects were created. Western Asia Religious Islamic art often forbids depictions of people, as they may be misused as idols. Religious ideas are thus often represented through geometric designs instead.

However, there are many which display religious themes and scenes of stories common among the three main faiths of, and. Central/Southern/Eastern Asia. Fresco from, c.

450-500 Eastern art has generally worked in a style akin to Western medieval art, namely a concentration on surface patterning and local colour (meaning the plain colour of an object, such as basic red for a red robe, rather than the modulations of that colour brought about by light, shade and reflection). A characteristic of this style is that the local colour is often defined by an outline (a contemporary equivalent is the cartoon). This is evident in, for example, the art of India, Tibet and Japan. Due to the size of the continent, the distinction between Eastern Asia and South Asian in context of arts can be clearly seen. The Early Buddhist believed in many symbols related to Buddha so the arts were centered around religious symbol. Bhutanese painted 'thangkas' (painting on clothes) that shows Buddhist iconography.

With Eastern Asia, with the practice of calligraphy, the portraits and landscapes were painted on silk cloth. Classical Chinese landscape painting are well known across the globe nowadays, with artist painting mountains in black lines and gentle ink wash. Serenity and peace was the main concept of these works of arts. See also:, and The long story of includes both high, perhaps typified by the brass castings of the, as well as. In the ancient world, is often thought of as the greatest artistic culture of Africa, but it is also rivaled by, which was located in present-day.

Concurrent with the European Middle Ages, in the eleventh century CE a nation that made grand architecture, gold sculpture, and intricate jewelry was founded in. Impressive sculpture was concurrently being cast from brass by the of what is now Nigeria. Such a culture grew and was ultimately transformed to become the, where elegant altar tusks, brass heads, plaques of brass, and palatial architecture was created. The Benin Kingdom was ended by the British in 1897, and little of the historical art now remains in Nigeria. Today, the most significant arts venue in Africa is the. Main article: The includes the geographic areas of, and.

Nicholas Thomas’s textbook Oceanic Art treats the area thematically, with essays on, warfare, the body, gender, trade, religion, and. Unfortunately, little ancient art survives from Oceania. Scholars believe that this is likely because artists used perishable materials, such as wood and feathers, which did not survive in the tropical climate, and there are no historical records to refer to most of this material. The understanding of Oceania's artistic cultures thus begins with the documentation of it by Westerners, such as Captain in the eighteenth century. At the turn of the twentieth century the French artist spent significant amounts of time in Tahiti, living with local people and making modern art—a fact that has become intertwined with Tahitian visual culture to the present day.

The indigenous often looks like abstract modern art, but it has deep roots in local culture. Art museums. 160 BCE and 20 BCE, During the early, the 15th-century Italian artists were considered inferior to those of 16th-century. Such a notion was challenged by the movement. There has since been a trend, dominant in art history of the 21st century, to treat all cultures and periods neutrally.

Thus, would not be deemed better or worse than —it is just different. Art historical analysis has also evolved into studying the and use of art, rather than focusing solely on the appreciation of its craftsmanship. What may once have been viewed simply as a is now understood as an economic, social, philosophical, and cultural manifestation of the artist's world-view, philosophy, intentions and background. Sacred art history While secular approaches to art history often emphasize individual creativity, the history of often emphasizes the ways that beautiful objects are used to convey in ritual contexts. The of the world each have image-making traditions.

They are, and. See also. References.